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National Council of State Housing Agencies Best Practices

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Security and defence of a nation country

National security or national defense is the security and defence of a nation state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of authorities.

Originally conceived equally protection confronting military attack, national security is now widely understood to include likewise not-military dimensions, including the security from terrorism, minimization of offense, economical security, energy security, environmental security, nutrient security, cyber-security etc. Similarly, national security risks include, in add-on to the actions of other nation states, action by vehement not-land actors, by narcotic cartels, and by multinational corporations, and also the effects of natural disasters.

Governments rely on a range of measures, including political, economic, and armed forces ability, as well every bit diplomacy, to safeguard the security of a nation-state. They may too act to build the conditions of security regionally and internationally past reducing transnational causes of insecurity, such as climatic change, economic inequality, political exclusion, and nuclear proliferation.

Definitions [edit]

The concept of national security remains ambiguous, having evolved from simpler definitions which emphasised liberty from military threat and from political compulsion.[1] : 1–half-dozen [two] : 52–54 Amid the many definitions proposed to date are the following, which show how the concept has evolved to comprehend not-military concerns:

  • "A nation has security when information technology does not have to sacrifice its legitimate ínterests to avoid war, and is able, if challenged, to maintain them past state of war." (Walter Lippmann, 1943).[three] : 5
  • "The distinctive pregnant of national security means liberty from strange dictation." (Harold Lasswell, 1950)[iii] : 79
  • "National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, the absence of fear that such values volition be attacked." (Arnold Wolfers, 1960)[4]
  • "National security then is the ability to preserve the nation's physical integrity and territory; to maintain its economic relations with the residue of the world on reasonable terms; to preserve its nature, establishment, and governance from disruption from outside; and to control its borders." (Harold Dark-brown, U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1977–1981)[5]
  • "National security... is all-time described as a capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary to enjoy its own cocky-determination or autonomy, prosperity, and wellbeing." (Charles Maier, 1990)[vi]
  • "National security is an appropriate and ambitious blend of political resilience and maturity, homo resource, economic construction and capacity, technological competence, industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the war machine might." (National Defence College of India, 1996)[7]
  • "[National security is the] measurable land of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-beingness of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any given time, by balancing all instruments of country policy through governance... and is extendable to global security by variables external to it." (Prabhakaran Paleri, 2008)[2] : 52–54
  • "[National and international security] may be understood as shared freedom from fearfulness and want, and the freedom to live in dignity. It implies social and ecological health rather than the absence of risk... [and is] a common correct." (Ammerdown Grouping, 2016)[8] : 3

Dimensions of national security [edit]

Potential causes of national insecurity include actions by other states (e.g. military machine or cyber attack), violent not-state actors (e.g. terrorist attack), organised criminal groups such equally narcotic cartels, and also the effects of natural disasters (due east.g. flooding, earthquakes). [3] : v, 1–8 [8] [9] Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be transnational, include climate change, economic inequality and marginalisation, political exclusion, and militarisation.[viii] [nine]

In view of the wide range of risks, the security of a nation country has several dimensions, including economic security, energy security, physical security, environmental security, food security, border security, and cyber security. These dimensions correlate closely with elements of national power.

Increasingly, governments organise their security policies into a national security strategy (NSS);[ten] equally of 2017, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the Us are amongst the states to have done so.[11] [12] [13] [14] Some states also appoint a National Security Quango and/or a National Security Counselor which is an executive government agency, information technology feeds the head of the state on topics concerning national security and strategic interest. The national security council/advisor strategies long term, brusque term, contingency national security plans. India holds i such system in current, which was established on 19 November 1998.

Although states differ in their approach, with some outset to prioritise non-armed forces action to tackle systemic drivers of insecurity, diverse forms of coercive power predominate, particularly Military Capabilities.[8] The scope of these capabilities has developed. Traditionally, armed forces capabilities were mainly land- or sea-based, and in smaller countries, they still are. Elsewhere, the domains of potential warfare now include the air, space, cyberspace, and psychological operations.[15] Military capabilities designed for these domains may be used for national security, or as for offensive purposes, for example to conquer and annex territory and resources.

Physical security [edit]

In practice, national security is associated primarily with managing physical threats and with the military capabilities used for doing and so.[11] [xiii] [14] That is, national security is oft understood as the chapters of a nation to mobilise military forces to guarantee its borders and to deter or successfully defend confronting physical threats including armed services aggression and attacks past non-state actors, such as terrorism. Most states, such as Due south Africa and Sweden,[16] [12] configure their military forces mainly for territorial defence force; others, such as France, Russia, the Great britain and the Us,[17] [18] [13] [fourteen] invest in higher-cost expeditionary capabilities, which let their armed forces to projection power and sustain military operations away.

Infrastructure security [edit]

Infrastructure security is the security provided to protect infrastructure, especially critical infrastructure, such as airports, highways,[nineteen] rail transport, hospitals, bridges, transport hubs, network communications, media, the electricity grid, dams, power plants, seaports, oil refineries, and water systems. Infrastructure security seeks to limit vulnerability of these structures and systems to demolition, terrorism, and contamination.[xx]

Many countries have established regime agencies to direct manage the security of disquisitional infrastructure, normally, through the Ministry of Interior/Home Affairs, dedicated security agencies to protect facilities such equally United States Federal Protective Service, and also dedicated transport police force such equally the British Ship Constabulary. In that location are as well commercial transportation security units such as the Amtrak Constabulary in the United States. Critical infrastructure is vital for the essential functioning of a country. Incidental or deliberate damage tin have a serious impact on the economic system and essential services. Some of the threats to infrastructure include:

  • Terrorism: person or groups deliberately targeting critical infrastructure for political gain. In the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, the Mumbai cardinal station and hospital were deliberately targeted.
  • Sabotage: person or groups such every bit ex-employees, anti-government groups, environmental groups. Refer to Bangkok'due south International Airport Seized by Protestors.
  • Information warfare: private person hacking for private gain or countries initiating attacks to glean information and damage a country'southward cyberinfrastructure. Cyberattacks on Estonia and cyberattacks during the 2008 South Ossetia state of war are examples.
  • Natural disaster: hurricane or other natural events that harm critical infrastructures such as oil pipelines, h2o, and power grids. See Hurricane Ike and Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina for examples.

Computer security [edit]

Calculator security, also known as cybersecurity or It security, refers to the security of computing devices such as computers and smartphones, also as calculator networks such equally private and public networks, and the Cyberspace. Information technology concerns the protection of hardware, software, data, people, and also the procedures by which systems are accessed, and the field has growing importance due to the increasing reliance on reckoner systems in well-nigh societies.[21] Since unauthorized access to critical ceremonious and military infrastructure is now considered a major threat, net is now recognised every bit a domain of warfare. 1 such example is the use of Stuxnet by the USA and Israel against the Iranian nuclear programme[xv]

Political security [edit]

Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, Jaap de Wilde and others have argued that national security depends on political security: the stability of the social order.[22] Others, such equally Paul Rogers, have added that the equitability of the international lodge is equally vital.[9] Hence, political security depends on the rule of international police force (including the laws of state of war), the effectiveness of international political institutions, as well as diplomacy and negotiation between nations and other security actors.[22] It also depends on, among other factors, effective political inclusion of disaffected groups and the human security of the citizenry.[ix] [eight] [23]

Economic security [edit]

Economic security, in the context of international relations, is the power of a nation country to maintain and develop the national economic system, without which other dimensions of national security cannot be managed. Economic adequacy largely determines the defence adequacy of a nation, and thus a sound economical security directly influences the national security of a nation. That is why we see countries with audio economy, happen to take sound security setup too, such as The United States, China, Republic of india among others. In larger countries, strategies for economic security expect to access resources and markets in other countries and to protect their own markets at home. Developing countries may be less secure than economically advanced states due to high rates of unemployment and underpaid piece of work.[ citation needed ]

Ecological security [edit]

Ecological security, also known as environmental security, refers to the integrity of ecosystems and the biosphere, particularly in relation to their capacity to sustain a multifariousness of life-forms (including human life). The security of ecosystems has attracted greater attending every bit the touch of ecological damage by humans has grown.[24] The degradation of ecosystems, including topsoil erosion, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and climate modify, affect economic security and can precipitate mass migration, leading to increased pressure on resource elsewhere. Ecological security is also important since most of the countries in the world are developing and dependent on agronomics and agriculture gets affected largely due to climate change. This upshot affects the economy of the nation, which in turn affects national security.

The scope and nature of environmental threats to national security and strategies to engage them are a subject of fence.[iii] : 29–33 Romm (1993) classifies the major impacts of ecological changes on national security as:[3] : 15

  • Transnational environmental issues. These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.[3] : fifteen
  • Local ecology or resources pressures. These include resources scarcities leading to local conflict, such as disputes over water scarcity in the Centre E; migration into the Usa caused by the failure of agriculture in Mexico;[3] : 15 and the impact on the disharmonize in Syrian arab republic of erosion of productive country.[25] Environmental insecurity in Rwanda following a rise in population and dwindling availability of farmland, may besides take contributed to the genocide there.[26]
  • Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare. These include acts of war that degrade or destroy ecosystems. Examples are the Roman destruction of agriculture in Carthage; Saddam Hussein'southward called-for of oil wells in the Gulf War;[3] : 15–16 the use of Agent Orange by the UK in the Malayan Emergency and the U.s. in the Vietnam War for defoliating forests; and the high greenhouse gas emissions of military forces.[27]

Refugees fleeing war and insecurity in Iraq and Syria make it at Lesbos Island, supported by Spanish volunteers, 2015

Security of energy and natural resources [edit]

Resources include water, sources of energy, land, and minerals. Availability of acceptable natural resources is important for a nation to develop its manufacture and economic power. For example, in the Persian Gulf War of 1991, Republic of iraq captured State of kuwait partly in order to secure access to its oil wells, and i reason for the US counter-invasion was the value of the same wells to its ain economic system.[ citation needed ] Water resources are subject to disputes between many nations, including India and Islamic republic of pakistan, and in the Centre Eastward.

The interrelations between security, energy, natural resources, and their sustainability is increasingly acknowledged in national security strategies and resource security is at present included among the United nations Sustainable Development Goals.[12] [11] [28] [14] [29] In the US, for example, the armed forces has installed solar photovoltaic microgrids on their bases in example of ability outage.[30] [31]

Bug in national security [edit]

Consistency of approach [edit]

The dimensions of national security outlined above are frequently in tension with one some other. For instance:

  • The high cost of maintaining large military forces tin can identify a burden on the economic security of a nation And annual defence spending as percentage of GDP varies significantly by country.[32] Conversely, economic constraints can limit the scale of expenditure on military capabilities.
  • Unilateral security activeness by states tin can undermine political security at an international level if it erodes the rule of law and undermines the authority of international institutions. The invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the annexation of Crimea in 2022 have been cited as examples.[33] [34]
  • The pursuit of economic security in competition with other nation states can undermine the ecological security of all when the bear upon includes widespread topsoil erosion, biodiversity loss, and climate change.[35] Conversely, expenditure on mitigating or adapting to ecological modify places a brunt on the national economic system.

If tensions such as these are not managed effectively, national security policies and actions may be ineffective or counterproductive.

National versus transnational security [edit]

Increasingly, national security strategies have begun to recognise that nations cannot provide for their own security without besides developing the security of their regional and international context.[14] [28] [11] [12] For case, Sweden's national security strategy of 2022 declared:

"Wider security measures must also at present encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised offense, ensuring safe transport and reliable nutrient supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate modify, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more than."[12]

The extent to which this matters, and how information technology should exist done, is the bailiwick of debate. Some argue that the chief beneficiary of national security policy should be the nation state itself, which should centre its strategy on protective and coercive capabilities in order to safeguard itself in a hostile environment (and potentially to project that power into its environment, and boss information technology to the bespeak of strategic supremacy).[36] [37] [38] Others debate that security depends principally on building the atmospheric condition in which equitable relationships between nations can develop, partly by reducing animosity between actors, ensuring that central needs tin exist met, and also that differences of interest can be negotiated finer.[39] [eight] [nine] In the United kingdom, for example, Malcolm Chalmers argued in 2022 that the heart of the Britain's approach should exist support for the Western strategic military alliance led through NATO by the United States, as "the fundamental anchor effectually which international order is maintained".[40] The Ammerdown Group argued in 2022 that the Uk should shift its primary focus to building international cooperation to tackle the systemic drivers of insecurity, including climate modify, economical inequality, militarisation and the political exclusion of the world's poorest people.[8]

Touch on on ceremonious liberties and man rights [edit]

Approaches to national security tin can have a circuitous impact on homo rights and civil liberties. For instance, the rights and liberties of citizens are affected by the use of war machine personnel and militarised police forces to command public behaviour; the apply of surveillance, including mass surveillance in net, which has implications for privacy; military recruitment and conscription practices; and the effects of warfare on civilians and civil infrastructure. This has led to a dialectical struggle, peculiarly in liberal democracies, between regime authority and the rights and freedoms of the general public.

Even where the exercise of national security is subject to good governance, and the dominion of police force, a risk remains that the term national security may get a pretext for suppressing unfavorable political and social views. In the Usa, for instance, the controversial USA Patriot Act of 2001, and the revelation by Edward Snowden in 2013 that the National Security Bureau harvests the personal data of the general public, brought these issues to wide public attention. Among the questions raised are whether and how national security considerations at times of war should atomic number 82 to the suppression of individual rights and freedoms, and whether such restrictions are necessary when a country is non at war.

Perspectives [edit]

Africa [edit]

Conceptualizing and understanding the National Security choices and challenges of African States is a hard task. This is due to the fact that it is often non rooted in the understanding of their (by and large disrupted) state formation and their often imported process of state-building.

Although Mail-Cold State of war conceptualisations of Security have broadened, the policies and practices of many African states nonetheless privilege national security equally being synonymous with country security and, fifty-fifty more than narrowly- regime security.

The problem with the above is that a number of African states (be specific) take been unable to govern their security in meaningful ways. Often failing to be able to claim the monopoly of force in their territories. The hybridity of security 'governance' or 'providers' thus exists.[41] States that have non been able to capture this reality in official National Security strategies and policies often find their claim over having the monopoly of forcefulness and thus being the Sovereign challenged.[41] This often leads to the weakening of the state. Examples of such states are Southward Sudan and Somalia.

Argentina and Brazil [edit]

National Security ideology equally taught past the US Army School of the Americas to military personnel was vital in causing the military machine insurrection of 1964 in Brazil and the 1976 one in Argentine republic. The military dictatorships were installed on the claim by the military that Leftists were an existential threat to the national interests.[42]

China [edit]

Cathay's Military are known as the People's Liberation Army (PLA). The military is the largest in the world, with 2.3 million active troops in 2005.

The Ministry of State Security was established in 1983 to ensure "the security of the land through effective measures confronting enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to demolition or overthrow China's socialist system."[43]

Bharat [edit]

The state of the Republic of Bharat's national security is adamant by its internal stability and geopolitical interests. While Islamic upsurge in Indian Country of Jammu and Kashmir demanding secession and far left-wing terrorism in India's scarlet corridor remain some primal issues in Bharat'southward internal security, terrorism from Pakistan based militant groups has been emerging as a major concern for New Delhi.

The National Security Advisor of India heads the National Security Quango of India, receives all kinds of intelligence reports, and is chief advisor to the Prime Minister of Bharat over national and international security policy. The National Security Council has India'southward defence, strange, domicile, finance ministers and deputy chairman of NITI Aayog as its members and is responsible for shaping strategies for Republic of india's security in all aspects.[44]

Illegal immigration to Bharat, most of whom are Muslims from Bangladesh and Myanmar (Rohingya muslims) are a national security risk. There is an organised influx of nearly 40,000 illegal Bangladeshi and Rohingya Muslim immigrants in Delhi who pose a national security risk, threaten the national integration, and change the demographics. A lawyer Ashwini Upadhyay filed a Public involvement litigation (PIL) in the "Supreme Court of India" (SC) to identify and deport these. Responding to this PIL, Delhi Police told the SC in July 2022 that most 500 illegal Bangladeshi immigrants accept been deported in the preceding 28 months.[45] There are estimated 600,000 to 700,000 illegal Bangladeshi and Rohingya immigrants in National Capital Region (NCR) region especially in the districts of Gurugram, Faridabad, and Nuh (Mewat region), likewise as interior villages of Bhiwani and Hisar. Most of them are Muslims who accept caused fake Hindu identity, and under questioning, they pretend to exist from Due west Bengal. In September 2019, the Chief Minister of Haryana, Manohar Lal Khattar appear the implementation of NRC for Haryana by setting upward a legal framework under the one-time judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Justice HS Bhalla for updating NRC which will help in weeding out these illegal immigrants.[46]

Russian federation [edit]

In the years 1997 and 2000, Russia adopted documents titled "National Security Concept" that described Russia's global position, the land's interests, listed threats to national security, and described the means to counter those threats. In 2009, these documents were superseded past the "National Security Strategy to 2020". The key body responsible for coordinating policies related to Russian federation's national security is the Security Council of Russian federation.

According to provision 6 of the National Security Strategy to 2020, national security is "the situation in which the individual, the society and the state enjoy protection from foreign and domestic threats to the degree that ensures constitutional rights and freedoms, decent quality of life for citizens, too as sovereignty, territorial integrity and stable development of the Russian Federation, the defence and security of the state."

Singapore [edit]

Total Defense is Singapore's whole-of-society national defence concept[47] based on the premise that the strongest defence of a nation is collective defense force[48] – when every aspect of gild stays united for the defence of the country.[49] Adopted from the national defence strategies of Sweden and Switzerland,[50] Total Defence was introduced in Singapore in 1984. So, it was recognised that military threats to a nation can bear on the psyche and social textile of its people.[51] Therefore, the defense and progress of Singapore were dependent on all its citizens and their resolve, not but the government or the armed forces.[52] Full Defence has since evolved to accept into consideration threats and challenges outside of the conventional military domain.

Ukraine [edit]

National security of Ukraine is divers in Ukrainian law as "a prepare of legislative and organisational measures aimed at permanent protection of vital interests of man and denizen, guild and the state, which ensure sustainable development of social club, timely detection, prevention and neutralisation of real and potential threats to national interests in areas of law enforcement, fight against corruption, border activities and defence, migration policy, health intendance, educational activity and science, technology and innovation policy, cultural evolution of the population, freedom of spoken communication and information security, social policy and pension provision, housing and communal services, fiscal services market, protection of property rights, stock markets and apportionment of securities, fiscal and customs policy, trade and business, banking services, investment policy, auditing, monetary and exchange rate policy, information security, licensing, industry and agriculture, send and communications, information technology, free energy and free energy saving, operation of natural monopolies, use of subsoil, land and water resources, minerals, protection of environmental and environment and other areas of public administration, in the event of emergence of negative trends towards the creation of potential or existent threats to national interests.".[53]

The principal body responsible for coordinating national security policy in Ukraine is the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine. It is an advisory land agency to the President of Ukraine, tasked with developing a policy of national security on domestic and international matters. All sessions of the council have identify in the Presidential Assistants Building. The council was created by the provision of Supreme Council of Ukraine #1658-12 on October 11, 1991. It was divers as the highest state body of collegiate governing on matters of defence and security of Ukraine with the following goals:

  • Protecting sovereignty
  • Constitutional society
  • Territorial integrity and inviolability of the commonwealth
  • Developing strategies and continuous comeback of policy in the sphere of defence and land security
  • Comprehensive scientific assessment of the armed forces threat nature
  • Determining position toward modern warfare
  • Effective command over the execution of the tasks of the state and its institutions keeping defence capabilities of Ukraine at the level of defence sufficiency

United Kingdom [edit]

The primary body responsible for coordinating national security policy in the UK is the National Security Council (Great britain) which helps produce and enact the U.k.'south National Security Strategy. Information technology was created in May 2010 by the new coalition government of the Conservative Political party (Uk) and Liberal Democrats. The National Security Council is a committee of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom and was created as part of a wider reform of the national security apparatus. This reform likewise included the creation of a National Security Adviser and a National Security Secretariat to support the National Security Council.[54]

U.s.a. [edit]

National Security Act of 1947 [edit]

The concept of national security became an official guiding principle of foreign policy in the United states when the National Security Act of 1947 was signed on July 26, 1947, by U.S. President Harry S. Truman.[3] : 3 Equally amended in 1949, this Act:

  • created important components of American national security, such as the forerunner to the Department of Defense;
  • subordinated the war machine branches to the new cabinet-level position of Secretary of Defence force;
  • established the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency;[55]

Notably, the Act did not define national security, which was conceivably advantageous, as its ambiguity made it a powerful phrase to invoke against diverse threats to interests of the country, such as domestic concerns.[iii] : iii–v

The notion that national security encompasses more just military security was present, though understated, from the beginning. The Deed established the National Security Council so as to "advise the President on the integration of domestic, military and foreign policies relating to national security".[2] : 52

While not defining the "interests" of national security, the Act does constitute, within the National Security Council, the "Committee on Foreign Intelligence", whose duty is to conduct an almanac review "identifying the intelligence required to address the national security interests of the United States equally specified by the President" (accent added).[56]

In Gen. Maxwell Taylor'due south 1974 essay "The Legitimate Claims of National Security", Taylor states:[57]

The national valuables in this broad sense include current assets and national interests, as well equally the sources of strength upon which our future as a nation depends. Some valuables are tangible and bawdy; others are spiritual or intellectual. They range widely from political avails such every bit the Beak of Rights, our political institutions, and international friendships to many economic assets which radiate worldwide from a highly productive domestic economic system supported by rich natural resources. It is the urgent need to protect valuables such as these which legitimizes and makes essential the role of national security.

National security state [edit]

To reverberate on the institutionalisation of new bureaucratic infrastructures and governmental practices in the post-World War II menstruation in the U.S., when a culture of semi-permanent armed services mobilisation brought effectually the National Security Quango, the CIA, the Section of Defence, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, national-security researchers apply a notion of a national security land:[58] [59] [sixty]

During and after World War Two, US leaders expanded the concept of national security and used its terminology for the first time to explicate America's relationship to the world. For most of United states history, the physical security of the continental United States had not been in jeopardy. Merely past 1945, this invulnerability was apace diminishing with the advent of long-range bombers, cantlet bombs, and ballistic missiles. A full general perception grew that the time to come would non allow fourth dimension to mobilize, that preparation would have to get constant. For the kickoff time, American leaders would take to bargain with the essential paradox of national security faced by the Roman Empire and subsequent neat powers: Si vis pacem, para bellum — If y'all want peace, ready for war.[61]

—David Jablonsky

Obama administration [edit]

The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff defines national security of the United States in the following manner :[62]

A commonage term encompassing both national defense and strange relations of the The states. Specifically, the condition provided past: a. a military or defense advantage over any foreign nation or grouping of nations; b. a favorable foreign relations position; or c. a defense posture capable of successfully resisting hostile or destructive action from within or without, overt or covert.

In 2010, the White House included an all-encompassing globe-view in a national security strategy which identified "security" as ane of the country's "iv indelible national interests" that were "inexorably intertwined":[63]

"To achieve the earth we seek, the United States must apply our strategic approach in pursuit of four indelible national interests:

  • Security:  The security of the Usa, its citizens, and U.Southward. allies and partners.
  • Prosperity:  A strong, innovative, and growing U.Southward. economy in an open international economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity.
  • Values: Respect for universal values at habitation and effectually the world.
  • International Gild:  An international gild avant-garde by U.S. leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to see global challenges.

Each of these interests is inextricably linked to the others: no unmarried involvement can be pursued in isolation, but at the same fourth dimension, positive action in i expanse will help accelerate all four."

Empowerment of women [edit]

U.Southward. Secretary of Land Hillary Clinton has said that, "The countries that threaten regional and global peace are the very places where women and girls are deprived of nobility and opportunity".[64] She has noted that countries, where women are oppressed, are places where the "dominion of law and democracy are struggling to accept root",[64] and that, when women's rights as equals in lodge are upheld, the guild as a whole changes and improves, which in turn enhances stability in that club, which in plough contributes to global society.[64]

Cyber [edit]

The Bush Administration in January 2008, initiated the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI). It introduced a differentiated approach, such as: identifying existing and emerging cybersecurity threats, finding and plugging existing cyber vulnerabilities, and apprehending actors that trying to gain access to secure federal data systems.[65] President Obama issued a proclamation that the "cyber threat is 1 of the most serious economic and national security challenges nosotros confront as a nation" and that "America's economic prosperity in the 21st century will depend on cybersecurity."[66]

See as well [edit]

  • Deep country
  • 4th branch of government
  • Homeland security
  • Human being security
  • International security
  • Military–industrial complex
  • Security
  • National interest
  • National economical security

References [edit]

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  2. ^ a b c Paleri, Prabhakaran (2008). National Security: Imperatives And Challenges. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 521. ISBN978-0-07-065686-4 . Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d due east f g h i j Romm, Joseph J. (1993). Defining national security: the nonmilitary aspects. Pew Project on America'southward Task in a Changed World (Pew Project Serial). Council on Foreign Relations. p. 122. ISBN978-0-87609-135-7 . Retrieved 22 September 2010.
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  5. ^ Brown, Harold (1983) Thinking about national security: defense and foreign policy in a dangerous world. As quoted in Watson, Cynthia Ann (2008). U.S. national security: a reference handbook . Contemporary globe problems (2 (revised) ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 281. ISBN978-1-59884-041-4 . Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  6. ^ Maier, Charles Due south. Peace and security for the 1990s. Unpublished paper for the MacArthur Fellowship Program, Social Science Research Quango, 12 Jun 1990. As quoted in Romm 1993, p.5
  7. ^ Definition from "Proceedings of Seminar on "A Maritime Strategy for India" (1996). National Defence College, Tees January Marg, New Delhi, India. quoted in Paleri 2008 (ibid).
  8. ^ a b c d east f g Ammerdown Group (2016). "Rethinking Security: A give-and-take paper" (PDF). rethinkingsecurity.org.uk . Retrieved 2017-12-17 .
  9. ^ a b c d e Rogers, P (2010). Losing control : global security in the xx-showtime century (third ed.). London: Pluto Press. ISBN9780745329376. OCLC 658007519.
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  18. ^ Olika, O (2016). "Unpacking Russia'south New National Security Strategy". www.csis.org . Retrieved 2017-12-18 .
  19. ^ "Highways For Travelers". Transportation Security Administration. Archived from the original on fifteen September 2012.
  20. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on 2008-12-sixteen. Retrieved 2008-12-07 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as title (link)
  21. ^ "Reliance spells end of road for ICT amateurs", May 07, 2013, The Australian
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Further reading [edit]

  • Bhadauria, Sanjeev. National Security. Allahabad: Dept. of Defence and Strategic Studies, University of Allahabad, 2002.
  • Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983.
  • Chen, Hsinchun. National Security. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007.
  • Cordesman, Anthony H. Saudi arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger Security International, 2009.
  • Devanny, Joe, and Josh Harris, The National Security Quango: national security at the heart of regime. London: Establish for Government/King'south Higher London, 2014.
  • Farah, Paolo Davide; Rossi, Piercarlo (2015). "Free energy: Policy, Legal and Social-Economic Issues Under the Dimensions of Sustainability and Security". Earth Scientific Reference on Globalisation in Eurasia and the Pacific Rim. SSRN 2695701.
  • Hashemite kingdom of jordan, Amos A., William J. Taylor, Michael J. Mazarr, and Suzanne C. Nielsen. American National Security. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
  • MccGwire, Michael. Perestroika and Soviet National Security. Washington D.C.: Brookings Establishment Printing, 1991. ISBN 978-0815755531
  • Mueller, Karl P. Striking Commencement: Preemptive and Preventive Attack in U.S. National Security Policy. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Project Air Force, 2006.
  • National Research Council (U.S.). Across "Fortress America": National Security Controls on Science and Engineering science in a Globalized Globe. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2009.
  • Neal, Andrew. Security in a Minor Nation: Scotland, Democracy, Politics. Open Book Publishers, 2017. ISBN 9781783742707
  • Rothkopf, David J. Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Ability. New York: PublicAffairs, 2005.
  • Ripsman, Norrin M., and T. 5. Paul. Globalization and the National Security Land. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Tal, Israel. National Security: The Israeli Feel. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2000.
  • Tan, Andrew. Malaysia'south security perspectives. Canberra : Strategic and Defence force Studies Heart, Australian National University, 2002
  • Scherer, Lauri S. National Security. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

External links [edit]

  • National Security Internet Archive (NSIA) at the Internet Archive

jonesandeake.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security

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